Product Design Revision
The following pages are a guide to the key areas you will need to have knowledge of in order to successfully complete your GCSE exam. At the end of each of the four sections, test yourself with the example exam questions. The four main sections are: Designing & Making Skills, Materials & Components, Design & Marketing, Processes & Manufacture. |
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Designing and Making Skills What do designers do? – They communicate their ideas through DRAWINGS which include NOTES and ANNOTATIONS to explain details. They can also use PROTOTYPE techniques or MOCK-UPS to show their ideas in 3D.
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BASIC SKETCHING TECHNIQUES FREEHAND SKETCHING is very quick and easy. When asked to do a SKETCH, don’t spend loads of time ‘drawing’, you must sketch and not worry about odd lines and accuracy. Do not rub anything out. |
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2D SKETCHING – similar to freehand but only uses one view and normally constructed using vertical and horizontal lines. |
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3D SKETCHING using CRATING. This is where you draw a box (crate) then gradually add bits on.
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DEVELOP WITH SKETCHES – Show how an idea can gradually develop using quick sketches and add annotations to further enhance your ideas. |
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SHADING, SURFACES & TEXTURES, COLOUR AND MOOD Pencils can be used to SHADE and to add COLOUR. This allows you to add shape to a 2D image and give an indication of the texture e.g. Glass, Wood etc. (RENDERING) |
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COLOUR can add mood to your designs. There are TWO main types of colour PRIMARY and SECONDARY. The PRIMARY colours are: Red, Blue and Yellow. They can be mixed together to make any colour. SECONDARY colours are those produced by mixing together the PRIMARY colours. |
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PERSPECTIVE For 3D drawings. All the horizontal lines join a single vanishing point (SINGLE POINT). If more than two surfaces of an object need to be shown TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE is used. |
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WORKING DRAWINGS (ORTHOGRAPHIC) (2D views) 3 rd ANGLE PROJECTION – 2D views of a 3D object showing a plan view, side view and front view. Some drawings may show the bottom and more than one side to show more detail. Draw to a SCALE and very accurately showing DIMENSIONS
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OBLIQUE & ISOMETRIC DRAWING – 3D working drawings that give a good all round idea of the shape of the product. OBLIQUE shows the front a, top and one side set at 45 degrees to the horizontal. ISOMETRIC shows two sides and the top (or bottom) each side being 30 degrees from the horizontal. |
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CAD (Computer Aided Design) ‘2D Design’ and ‘ Pro/DESKTOP’ are very good examples of CAD programs. ADVANTAGES of CAD - They allow the designer to compare and try out ideas cheaply so that problems can be ironed out before manufacture. Designs can be viewed from all angles to see what the product would look like. Images can easily be changed to suit customer needs. DISADVANTAGES – Programs can be expensive and liable to viruses or loss of data. |
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CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) CAM is the process where data from a CAD package is used to manufacture a product. ADVANTAGES – Products can easily be modified is necessary. Repeat jobs done quickly. Saves Labour and time. DISADVANTAGES – Programs can be expensive and liable to viruses or loss of data.
CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) This is haw the CAM machines are controlled. ADVANTAGES – Less cost because you don’t need separate machines for multiple processes. Less chance of human error. Easily and quickly changed product. DISADVANTAGES – High initial cost. High training cost. |
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SKETCH MODELLING Normally used during the DEVELOPMENT stage of designing a new product. This could be anything from a vacuum cleaner to a new building. It allows the designer to try out ideas. You can use many types of material – paper, card, wood, plastic, metal etc .Designing and Making Skills Basic sketching techniques Shading, Surfaces & Textures, Colour and Mood Perspective Working Drawings (Orthographic) CAD (Computer Aided Design) CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) Sketch Modeling |
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EXAMINERS NOTE: During the exam you will find that you will be required to SKETCH, DRAW, ANNOTATE, DIMENSION and SHADE. You may also be asked questions about some of the above.
TIP: Make sure that you have your own PENCILS (H or 2H are ideal as HB or B are messy). You will need COLOURED PENCILS, RUBBER, RULER, PENCIL SHARPENER and a PEN
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Designing and Making Skills – Example Exam Questions
At least ONE of the exam questions will probably similar to this:
The question may be in two parts:
Marks will be awarded for: Quality of Idea (3 marks) Quality of notes (4 marks) Quality of sketches (3 marks) |
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Quality of Idea (7 marks) Quality of notes (4 marks) |
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EXAMINERS NOTE: Initial ideas – show several views (3D sketching and Orthographic drawing). Looking for a good understanding of NETS and packaging. Don’t forget to show tabs and folds etc.
TIP: Keep work neat and tidy. Avoid smudges and keep work simple.
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Designing and Making Skills – Example Exam Questions (cont’d)
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Design & Marketing DESIGN IDEAS PRODUCT ANALYSIS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THE ENVIRONMENT When we throw away our rubbish, land fill sites are used where chemicals can leach into the soil and affect the local environment. WHY PEOPLE BUY PRODUCTS CONSUMERS PRODUCTION: When planning for manufacture, the quantity to be made and the time needed will be governed by the cost. If the product is to be MASS-PRODUCED, it is important that they can be made as quickly as possible. EASY TO MAINTAIN: Products should be designed so that they are easy to maintain and remain safe. LABELS Materials & Components PAPER & BOARD WOODS Processes and Manufacture The Exam |
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GET THE BOOK –The Essentials of AQA Design and Technology:Product DesignLonsdale School Revision Guides (ISBN 1-903068-81-9) £4.50
The revision guide is valuable and is designed to cover ALL areas of the AQA Product Design course including: design skills, materials, techniques and production processes.
‘What is Product Design?’ and ‘Why do designers design?’ Questions you need to have the answers to.
You should also have an understanding of the following key technical words - Learn three or four a day:
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